DATE AND TIME PUBLISHED : 13/4/2021, 22.18 PM
WRITTEN BY : KAM2284D
2. INTAN NAZIFA BINTI JONID (2020899312)
3. SITI NAJIHA BINTI SHAIFUL NIZAM (2020862062)
4. MUHAMMAD ILHAM BIN MOHD AZHARI (2020608314)
5. AZREEN SHAHIRA BINTI MD ASRI (2020483726)
TOPIC : AL-QAEDA ROLES IN TALIBAN WAR
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Terrorism refers to “the use of violence against random civilian targets in order to intimidate or to create generalized pervasive fear for the purpose of achieving political goals” (Yonah Alaxender, 1987). In another word, terrorism refers to the activity that is unlawful which uses violence or force against people or the surroundings in order to coerce the citizen or government with the objectives in terms of politically or socially. Terrorism is an activity that is happening around the world until today. An example of the terrorist organisations that is known is called Al-Qaeda. The definition of international terrorism refers to terrorism activities that happens outside national boundaries in aspects such as the methods that is being used, the targeted group or the location which the terrorist operates (Security Services M15).
1.1 HISTORY OF AL-QAEDA
Al-Qaeda is an Arabic word that refers to the meaning of “the base” or “the foundation” (Oxford Reference). Al-Qaeda was established in the year of 1988. Al-Qaeda refers to an organization that is multi-national organisation and founded by a person called Osama Bin Laden (refer Figure 1 in appendix). The purpose of establishment of Al-Qaeda was as a network of logistic in order to help Soviet Union in a war conducted in Afghanistan.
When the Soviet Union decided to withdrew from Afghanistan in the year of 1989, the organisation was no longer there. However, it continues to fight against what its leader have implemented in them which was corrupt Islamic regimes and foreign such as the United States presence in the lands of Islam. In the year of 1996, the group had reformed a Headquarters (HQ) in the country of Afghanistan. The group had collaborated and under the protection of Taliban army (Asfandyar Mir, 2020) .
In the year of 2011, Osama Bin Ladin whom
was the head of Al-Qaeda and the mind behind the terrorist attacks towards
their rival which was the westerns such as United States had been a target of
assassination and he was killed in May 2, 2011 by the United States Special
Force. In the current year, the person leading the group Al-Qaeda is known as
Ayman Al-Zawahiri. Some of the terrorism activities that have been conducted
under Al-Qaeda are ‘2000 suicide bombing’, and ‘September 11, 2001 attacks’
1.2 HISTORY OF TALIBAN
The origin of the word Taliban comes from an Arabic word which means student (urban dictionary). Taliban refers to an extreme religious military organisation. Taliban was established in the year 1990’s. The founder of Taliban was Mullah Mohammad Omar. After the deceased of the founder, Taliban’s leader is known as Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada.
The recruitment of Taliban members
derived from the meaning of Taliban itself which is among students in Madrasah
(refer Figure 2 in appendix). Madrasah refers to a religious school that has
been established for refugees of Afghanistan. The Madrasah was established
since 1980’s located in the northern of Pakistan. The teachers in Madrasah is
known as Mullahs. The method of learning by these teachers or Mullahs is by
introducing a radical curriculum to the students, whereby, it consists of
military training and indoctrination. The Mullahs are trying their best to implement
the idea of western domination at the back of student’s head in order for the
students to believe in. Some of the military training that is being learn by
the student are gun trainings and ways to make explosives that are improvised.
Due to socioeconomic factor with financial constraint, the Taliban is a source
of job opportunity once the students have graduated from the Madrasah (Alex Strick van Linschoten, 2011).
1.3 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AL-QAEDA AND TALIBAN
Both Al-Qaeda and Taliban share a common goal and they have the same nemesis which is the western such as United States. Due to this there is a strong basis of political in their relationship. Al-qaedah views the Afghanistan Taliban as a group that shares the same ideological views in fighting for the jihad globally. Al-Qaeda also views the Taliban as a strong and stable partner which offer advantages in terms of politics in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda is in line with the main parts of the projects by Taliban. Their biggest source of cooperation is through Al-Qaeda’s Jihad projects. To them, the Jihad projects is one of the biggest achievements in obligating religious beliefs.
The United States had led an invasion tackle Taliban because the regime provides refugees to Osama Bin Ladin and Al-Qaeda. The Taliban had made a plan to regroup and an insurgency had been led by the regime in order to fight the United States backed government located in Kabul for a period of time longer than 19 years. The insurgency started in the year of 2001. The Afghanistan war was triggered by the September 11 attacks.
In 2020, the Taliban agreed and
had signed an agreement with United States and the regime entered into
negotiations in power sharing with the government of Afghanistan. However,
ignoring the agreement made that was mutual, the Taliban strike attacks
continuously against the civilian and government. The regime also controls a
number of Afghanistan districts (Asfandyar Mir,2020) .
2.0 WHAT, WHY, WHERE, WHO OR HOW IN (AL-QAEDA ROLES IN TALIBAN WAR)
There are many of terrorist group that fight in Afghanistan. One of it is Al-Qaeda Taliban War. This war involved two country having a fights like United States fights with Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda attacked a lots of country, one of it is they are bombing of the United States embassy in 1988. Ideology of Al-Qaeda is an elimination of all foreign influences in Islamic countries. Al-Qaeda members believe that, the Jewish Christian alliance is conspiring to overthrow Islam. Al-Qaeda erupted causing the death of Osama Bin Laden. Al-Qaeda is a terrorist network intensely opposed to the United States, non-Muslims or Christians. (MIR, 2020) (Bergen, 2021)
In 1957, Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was a founder of the pan-Islamic militant organization Al-Qaeda. This group has been appointed as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and various countries. Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was born on 10 March 1957. He was known as a first General Emir of Al-Qaeda. He was dead during 54 years old because of gunshot wound. He was a Saudi Arabian citizen until 1994 and he came from a wealthy family. His father name is Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, he known as a Saudi millionaire from Hadhramaut, Yemen, and the founder of the construction company, Saudi Binladin Group. (Bergen, 2021)
Al-Qaeda began as a logistical network to support Muslims fighting against the Soviet Union during the Afghan War; members were recruited throughout the Islamic world. Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden wife’s name Alia Ghanem. Alia Ghanem was from a secular middle-class family in Latakia, Syria. Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was born in Saudi Arabia and studied at university in the country until 1979, he was joined Mujahideen forces in Pakistan. He was join this group by fighting against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. In the other hand, Alia Ghanem help to fund the Mujahideen by channeling weapons, money and fighters from the Arab world to Afghanistan, and gained popularity among many Arabs. In 1988, he was formed the Al-Qaeda. (Bergen, 2021)
In 1988, he was exiled from Saudi Arabia and he need to moved her base to Sudan, until the United States forced him to leave Sudan in 1996. After establishing a new base in Afghanistan, he declared war on the United States, launching a series of bombings and related attacks. Bin Laden is on the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) list of the Ten Most Wanted Refugees and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the United States embassy bombing in 1998. (Bergen, 2021)
Bin Laden is best known for his role in masterminding the 11th September attacks, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 3,000. It push the United States to start a War on Terror. Then, Bin Laden became the subject of an international hunt for a decade. From 2001 to 2011, Bin Laden was a prime target of the United States, because the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) offered a $ 25 million reward in their search. On 2nd May 2011, Bin Laden was shot and killed by a United States Navy SEAL in a private residential village in Abbottabad, Pakistan, where he lived with a local family from Waziristan. The covert operation was conducted by members of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (SEAL Team Six) and Central Intelligence Agency SAD/SOG operators on the orders of U.S. President Barack Obama. Under Bin Laden’s leadership, the Al-Qaeda organization was responsible for, in addition to the 11th September attacks in the United States, numerous deadly attacks around the world. (Bergen, 2021)
After the death of Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, Al-Qaeda is led by Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri. He was born in 19th June 1951 and he is an Egyptian terrorist known for being the leader of terrorist group Al-Qaeda since June 2011. Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri is a former member and senior official of an Islamist organization that has carried out attacks in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East as well as some in North America and Europe. In 2012, he called on Muslims to kidnap Western tourists in Muslim countries. Since the 11th September attacks, the United States Of America (US), State Department has offered a reward worth US $ 25 million for information or intelligence leading to al-Zawahiri’s arrest. He is under worldwide sanctions by the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee as a member of al-Qaeda. (Kepel & (2010), 2021)
The first commanders of Taliban in 1994-2013 is Mohammed Omar. He widely known as a Mullah Omar. His co-founder namely Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, on that compilation. The Taliban, which calls themselves the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA), is a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement and a military organization in Afghanistan is waging war (insurgency, or jihad) in the country. Since 2016, the leader of the Taliban has been Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada. From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban controlled about three-quarters of Afghanistan, and applied strict interpretations of Sharia or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the leading factions in the Afghan Civil War and consisted largely of students (talib) from Pashtun districts in eastern and southern Afghanistan who had been educated in traditional Islamic schools, and fought during the Soviet era- Afghan War. (Coll, 2021) (Griffiths, 2021)
Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout Afghanistan, seizing power from the Mujahideen warlords. The totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital was shifted to Kandahar. It controlled much of the country until it was overthrown after the American -led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the 11th September attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban government was recognized by only three countries which are Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group then reunited as a rebel movement to fight the American -backed Karzai administration and the NATO -led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in the War in Afghanistan.
The Taliban have been condemned internationally for their harsh enforcement of their interpretations of Islamic Sharia law, which has resulted in brutal treatment of many Afghans, especially women. During their rule from 1996 to 2001, the Taliban and its allies carried out massacres of Afghan civilians, cut off UN food supplies to 160,000 starving civilians and pursued a scorched earth policy, burning vast areas of fertile land and destroying tens of thousands house. During their rule, they banned hobbies and activities such as kites and keeping birds as pets, and discriminately targeted many ethnic minorities, including Shi’a Muslims, while their enforcement of identifiable badges on Hindus was equated with Nazi Germany’s treatment of Jews. According to the United Nations, the Taliban and its allies were responsible for 76% of Afghan civilian casualties in 2010, 80% in 2011, and 80% in 2012. The Taliban were also involved in cultural massacres, destroying many monuments including the 1500-year-old Bamiyan Buddha.
Taliban ideology has been described as combining “innovative” forms of sharia Islamic law based on Deobandi fundamentalism and Osama bin Laden’s militant Islamism and Salafi jihad with Pashtun social and cultural norms known as Pashtunwali, as most Taliban are Pashtun tribes. Pakistan’s intelligence and military Inter-Service is widely claimed by the international community and the Afghan government to have provided support to the Taliban during their stand and time in power and continued to support the Taliban during the insurgency. Pakistan stated that it rejected all support for the group after the 11th September attacks. In 2001, 2,500 Arabs under al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden reportedly fought for the Taliban.
3.0 REVIEWS
3.1 CHALLENGES OF TERRORISM ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF AL-QAEDA AND TALIBAN
3.1.1 US-POLICY TOOLS TO COMBAT TERRORISM
One of the methods in combating terrorism
made by the United States is by having policy tools. The first content in the
policy tool is called rewards or compensation for a program of information.
This means that rewards as an exchange of information. The huge amount of
reward can be a very strong motivator for anyone who would resolve or prevent
act of terrorism internationally against the people in the United States and
their property. The program offers up
to 5 million dollars for the resolvement and prevention. Another reward in
relation to Al-Qaeda was to compensate anyone with 25 million dollars for the
capture of Osama Bin Ladin and Ayman Al Zawihiri.
3.1.2 TALIBAN DEFINITON OF ISLAM IS NOT AT SYNC WITH TRADITION IN AFGHANISTAN
The way Taliban defined Islam is not in line or harmony with what is being practiced traditionally by Afghanistan’s civilian. Not just that, but what the Taliban extreme beliefs is not the same as what majority of other brothers and sisters of Islam views. This opposite belief will give the chance to people in Afghanistan security forces. They have the legitimate rights to discuss the issues as Muslims. This will then lead to civilian in Afghanistan to have the opportunity in order to turn the population against Taliban.
The opposite belief that can be seen
clearly is in terms of gender treatment. Taliban is well known for their
violence and sexism against woman. Under Taliban, woman face a lot of
restrictions that is not fair such as women are not given the rights to work,
not allowed education after the age of eight and can only study the quran.
Whereas, in other Islam beliefs woman can be dominant too. For example, in
Indonesia their they had their first female president to lead a country that
have majority of muslim.
3.1.3 GLOBAL FRAMEWORK AGAINST TERRORISM
The united Nations (UN) has been engaged with the issues regarding terrorism for a very long time. For more than 10 years, the organization and together with international community has been together in order to combat terrorist acts. A legal framework that is internationally has been developed. This is to ensure that states can handle threats of terrorist collectively. A total of sixteen treaties internationally have undergo negotiation at the United Nations in order to address issues such as plane hijacks, hostages and the threat of nuclear terrorism
The mastermind behind the incident 11 September 2001 is Al-Qaeda. Due to this, the United Nation’s Security Council took a direct action. The United Nation realized that the act of terrorism will always continue posing a critical threat to the peace of people internationally. The United States decided to adopt a resolution which stated the way to fight terrorism. The content of the resolution is to require the United Nation Member States whether collectively or separately in order to deny financial support and the safe haven of terrorist as well as to always cooperate in bringing the terrorist to seek justice.
The resolution by Security Council had
paid attention in taking measures of preventive. For instance, in order to
recruit people and undergo terrorist acts, the terrorist is using technology
such as the internet. The Council then focuses on the need for counterterrorism
to be at sync with the international legal obligations of the states. The
United Nation is vital in focusing that non-state actors which is groups of
terrorists does not have the access to firearms that can cause massive
destruction (Mike Smith).
3.1.4 UNITED NATIONS ASSISTENCE MISSION IN AFGHANISTAN (UNAMA)
United Nations are now focused in activities to assist Afghanistan’s government and its people in implementing the base of ‘sustainable peace & development’. The party in charged in leading this effort is United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghan or known as the initials of UNAMA. The Security Council of United Nation have been active with this mission in political aspect since March 2002. However, the effort or mission had been extended until this year, September 17.
The core work of UNAMA involves human rights, good officer, regional cooperation and development of coherence. This also includes the priorities in supporting political coherence, elections and the efforts to sustain peace (Fraidoon Poya, 2002)
3.1.5 LACK OF RECOGNITION AND SUPPORT INTERNATIONALLY
The lack of recognition and support internationally due to the fact that Taliban is in active activities and network of extreme terrorist is leading the organisation with disadvantage in the international area. The association of Taliban has raised concern regarding their chances to be accepted in terms of official powers. This is because it can be seen that after signing the agreement last year, Taliban continuous to be involved in terrorist activities. Due to these factors, most nations will not give them the chance to negotiate with an organisation that has been labelled as the sponsors of terrorist (Barnett R. Rubin, 2021).
3.2 SIGNIFICANCE
In regards to this topic, it is crucial to understand the significance of Al-Qaeda in Taliban war. Al Qaeda plays such significant role in the Taliban war. There has been attempt by US to sever the ties between Al Qaeda and Taliban as reported in BBC News on 29 October 2020. Earlier in 2020, US signed an agreement with the Taliban committing to withdrawing all American forces from the country if the Taliban ensured groups including al-Qaeda were not able to use the territory to plot international attacks (Secunder Kermani (BBC News), 2020)
However, according to Edmund Fitton-Brown, co-ordinator of the UN's Islamic State, relationship between al-Qaeda and the Taliban was "not substantively" changed by the deal struck with the US as Al-Qaeda are heavily embedded with the Taliban and they do a good deal of military action and training action with the Taliban, and that has not changed. (Secunder Kermani (BBC News), 2020)
Al Qaeda provided funds, advice, and
trained cadres for the Taliban war machine. These were provided in return for
the sanctuary of Osama bin Laden and his freedom of action across the territory
of Taliban. In 1998 alone, Pakistan provided $6 million to the Taliban (Joseph
J. Collins, 2011).
In Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden took over or set up training camps for al Qaeda and Taliban recruits. As many as 20,000 Afghan and foreign recruits may have passed through the camps. Many of these trainees received combat experience in fighting the Northern Alliance, raising al Qaeda’s value in the eyes of the Taliban leadership. This leads to Afghanistan became a prime destination for international terrorists (Joseph J. Collins, 2011).
3.3 FACTORS ON WHY AL-QAEDA CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A GLOBAL THREAT
On September 2001, Al-Qaeda has brings shock and immediately has change the world’s perception towards them due to the horrific and devastating events that happened. Al-Qaeda who always been regard only as a small group which only able to attack their western target in Middle East and Africa, suddenly shows their capabilities to strike globally with a big impacts. This has shown that they are threats that must be eliminate and cannot be underestimate. Al Qaeda was linked with the more attack either direct or indirectly in the 6 years following September 11 which include the attack in Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Algeria, Indonesia, Turkey, United Kingdom and few more.
The fact that Al-Qaeda has also keep improving its alliances and strengthen its political relationships, shows that the number of their influence getting increased over the time even though they face obstacles to keep maintaining the relationships. The United Nation estimate that the number of the fighters of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan is between 400-600 which is 200 of the fighter is over the estimate that has been made in 2017. The number has been rapidly increased as in June 2020 as the number of the fighters including foreign allies fighters are been estimated been more than 6000 TTP fighters in Afghanistan.
Aside from that, Al-Qaeda also holds power as they are cash rich which enable them to obtain weapons such as loose nuclear materials through black market. Having alliances has ease their journey especially in mobilize material aid and at the same time able to maintain the cells through the territory of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan’s routes.
Al-Qaeda
continuously increased its number of fighters as they also merge power with
others powerful extremist.
3.4 THE IMPACT OF TALIBAN WAR INVOLVING AL-QAEDA IN ECONOMIC OF UNITED STATES
Through fiscal year of 2020, the war that has begun in Afghanistan in 2001 has cost the United States about $978 Billion. Due to the 9/11 terrorist attack by Al-Qaeda, the United States has launched War of Terror as a response to the attack. For hiding Osama Bin Laden who is Al-Qaeda leader, the United States attacked the Taliban in Afghanistan. The 9/11 attacks by Al-Qaeda has cost them around $400,000 to $500,000 while cost United States more than that. The effect of the attacks had both short and long terms economic impacts towards the United States which has force the stock market to close for a week and has caused the stocks to drop. The War of Terror has cost United States about $6 Trillion as before 9/11 no one ever expected terrorism to happen especially on home ground and on such a horrible scale. This attack has led 2001 recession to be even more worse which affects people globally. Since the attack, the United States has increased its spending in defence which has cost them to be in debt crisis. During that time, fewer job were created as they are still in healing process and because of this, the government receive less tax revenue. This situation has reduces government revenue, therefore, they facing further increase in debt.
3.5 RECOMMENDATION
Based on research done on this topic, there are a few recommendations to be made. One alternative is to concentrate solely on counterterrorism and drop the nuanced counterinsurgency or nation-building focus. Counterterrorism would not improve the Afghan state on its own. Many hardcore Taliban leaders can easily be identified in al Qaeda's larger network. Under the new COIN strategy, the success of counterterrorist and counterguerrilla operations has been impressive.
The second choice will be to cut many, if not all, of the 30,000 Soldiers and Marines in the surge fighting forces over the course of a few years. The remaining ISAF combat units could be integrated with ANA units that have been deployed. This alternative would not be inexpensive, but it could reduce costs and troop levels over time.
In order to counter the insurgency, Afghan police would be crucial. It is important that they make efforts to enhance their training. Courts, prisons, and legal aid are all examples of rule of law systems that need to be strengthened. The Interior Ministry will have to combat the country's widespread corruption. The Afghan government, for its part, must do more to combat corruption, writes Ghaffar Hussain. The link between the centre and the provinces must be improved.
A third choice is for the Afghan government to move quickly on reintegration of individual Taliban fighters and reconciliation with parts of or even whole elements of the Afghan Taliban, with coalition and UN support. About 1,000 fighters have volunteered to participate in the reintegration programme. To make structural change, President Karzai must first win over the majority of Afghans who are not Pashtuns, which will be a difficult sell. They may want peace, but not at a cost that puts them in danger or gives a "new" Taliban a lot of leeway. In June 2010, President Karzai convened a meeting on peace issues to help resolve the problem. Burhanuddin Rabbani, a Tajik and former Northern Alliance minister, was wisely chosen to head the High Peace Council. No Afghan would be able to accuse the Council of favouring those Pashtun tribes or individuals. The Taliban leadership, for their part, would be difficult to persuade (Joseph J. Collins, 2011).
4.0 CONCLUSION
Among the conclusions that can be drawn
from this incident is that the peace brought by Al-Qaeda has posed a threat to
many parties and disturbed public order. Al-Qaeda forces have become an
international terrorist feared in their wrong way and far deviated from the
side of Islam. They had the right intentions but the way they applied and
carried out through the wars and tragic killings has caused innocent civilians
to be involved everywhere they visit. Therefore, from this wrong way to express
their feeling, their action has resulted in violence and lack of support from
the parties who want the justice because they want something neutral and peace
for the decisions made not war involving innocent people in a cruel way. As a
result of the violence inflicted, Al-Qaeda has been labeled as a terror group
in several countries. Despite the philosophy of those who fight for their
rights but their ways are very deviant in what is demanded. Finally, this
international violence must be stopped immediately to prevent many wars and
insurgencies involving lives in other countries regardless of their borders.
APPENDIX
Figure 1 : Osama Bin Laden
Figure 2 : Madrasah in Pakistan
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