DATE AND TIME PUBLISHED : 5/5/2021 (Wednesday), 7.09 PM
WRITTEN BY : KAM2284D
2. INTAN NAZIFA BINTI JONID (2020899312)
3. SITI NAJIHA BINTI SHAIFUL NIZAM (2020862062)
4. MUHAMMAD ILHAM BIN MOHD AZHARI (2020608314)
5. AZREEN SHAHIRA BINTI MD ASRI (2020483726)
TOPIC : The 2002 Bali Bombings By Jemaah Islamiyah and Al-Qaeda
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Bali bombing took place on 12th October 2002. The attacked took place in the city of Kuta on the island of Bali, Indonesia. The bombing attacked took place at the United States embassy in Bali. The war has killed 202 people and injured 240 others, mostly foreign tourists. This bombing incident was the worst in the history of violence in Indonesia due to the large number of casualties and destruction caused by the bomb blasts. The perpetrators involved have links to Islamic militant movements called Jemaah Islamiyah and Al-Qaeda that are active around the Southeast Asian archipelago, including the Philippines and Southern Thailand. The motive for the attack was in retaliation for United States that support for the War on Terror and Australia’s role in the liberation of East Timor. [News3, 2003] [Herald, 2015] [Levine, Meek, Thomas, Ferran, 2021]
The War on Terror is a campaign launched by the United States in response to the 11 September attacks on organizations designated as terrorists. The campaign, whose stated objective was to eradicate international terrorism, began in 2001. The bombing was made by the Jemaah Islamiyah because they were not satisfied with the motive of the War on Terror and Australia's involvement in the separation of East Timor from Indonesia where Australia has exploited East Timor economy for the sake of oil and gas. This led to the 2002 Bali Bombings attacked. This bombings attacked, it can caused a large number of casualties were tourists from Australia with 88 people are killed. The attacked had a huge impact in the country where it involved a large number of deaths and there were many buildings and infrastructure destroyed as a result of the war. This unfortunate tragedy was the worst in the history of violence in Indonesia, due to the high number of casualties, destruction, damage to property and public infrastructure caused by the bomb blast. [News3, 2003] [Herald, 2015] [Levine, Meek, Thomas, Ferran, 2021]
2.0 INCIDENT OF 2002 BALI BOMBINGS BY JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH AND AL-QAEDA (WHAT, WHY, WHERE, WHO)
Bomb attacks by a group of terrorists happened in 2002 located in Bali, Indonesia. This terrorist attack was known as 2002 Bali Bombings. The terrorist behind this attack is called Jemaah Islamiyyah. The attack consisted a total of three bombs on an Island in Bali, Indonesia on 12/10/2002. This attack had killed a total of 202 people and many were injured. Some of the key perpetrators behind 2002 Bali Bombings were Imam Samudra, Mukhlas or known as Ali Ghufron, Amrozi, Ali Imron, Azahari Husin, Hambali and many more. According to Ali imron, the attack in Bali were initially planned to be executed on 11 September. This was as a symbol of anniversary of the terrorist attacks at United States on 11 September. However, the bombs were not ready that the group of terrorists had to postponed the plan to October 12th, 2002. (GMT, 2010)
The goal behind Jemaah Islamiyyah attack was to held a state of independent Islamic located in the Sulu Archipelago and in western part of Mindanao which leads to the invention of pan-Islamic ultimate state across Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Philippines. This terrorist attack in 2002 has its own mission. According to Abdul Istimata (International Suicide Batallion), the mission of the attack was to kill American as well as the countries that supports United States in “American infidels of the Cross in the new Crusade” which is a United States war located in Afghanistan (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
The reason why Jemaah Islamiyyah launched the bomb attacks in Bali was because Indonesia is very convenient in implementing terrorist activities. This means in terms of simple requirements on visa, Indonesia as a big transit hub and the borders are porous. Another reason was the access to dangerous weapons such as bombs and guns is plenty. This was because of the government of Indonesia did not take illegal trading as a serious crime. Upon the arrest of Imam Samudra, the authorities managed to seized his computer which included the reason why Jemaah Islamiyyah attacked Bali. The reasons were published on a website. Among the reasons published on the website were Bali as a place to gather for terrorists, oppressors, destroyer of the woman of Indonesia especially Muslim and imperialists. The other reason published were Bali as a hub for sex outside marriage and this is a sin to Allah, Jalan Legian Kuta were full of Jews that destroyed the Islamic community and as a revenge for the attacks in Afghanistan by the westerns (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
The attack first took place at 11.05 PM local time, whereby, a bomb known as suicide bomb had exploded in a bar called Paddy’s Bar. At that time foreigners such as Australian youth were in that bar. Individuals were panicked upon the attack and some managed to exit the building with injuries (Matt Cianflone, 2007). This suicide bomb was worn by a person named Iqbal, one of the members of Jemaah Islamiyyah (BBC, 2012)
After a few seconds, another bomb exploded near the Sari Club which was also very near to the first attack of suicide bomb. This time the bomb exploded loudly as it could be heard from a great distance as far as the airport could heard the explosion. It was reported that the source of the bomb came from a minivan. Many had reported to be dead especially those who were outside of the club. Apart from that local businesses suffered damaged such as windows being blown off as well as frames and tiles (Matt Cianflone, 2007). According to Ali Imron, the person who helped in making the bombs used at Sari Club was himself, Ali Imron (BBC, 2012)
A third bomb exploded approximately 45 seconds after the explosion near Sari club. This time, the bomb explosion happened very near to Australia and United States consulates. The explosion was smaller as compared to the previous two attacks which happened in both bars. There was no fatality cases or injuries reported. It was believed that the attack near consulates was to make a political statement and not to take an innocent person’s life (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
Hambali was claimed to have executed a meeting with the Jemaah Islamiyyah members in order to plan out the tactics of the 2002 Bali Bombing attacks on the busy nightspots of Bali. According to the defence minister Matori Abdul Djalil, among all the terrorists that have been arrested, they mentioned Hambali as their boss. According to the interrogators, the source of funding of Jemaah Islamiyyah came directly from Al-Qaeda. Bin Laden and Hambali became connected upon continuous communications from 1980s and believed to continue until the deaths of Osama Bin Laden. Hambali was arrested by the Thailand Authorities in Ayutthaya in 2003 (Peter Lloyd, 2003).
A number of illegal criminal activities had become the source of funding pertaining to the Bali Bombing attacks. Earlier in August, a total of three men had executed robbery and managed to obtained gold and cash from a store located in Java Island. It was estimated a total of $90,500 were robbed. This was to finance the attack of 2002 Bali Bombing case. The three extremist members were Jemaah Islamiyyah’s member known as Abdul Rauf, Yuri and Amin. It was estimated by the experts that actual cost of the bombs and vehicles were less than US$10,000. While, the extra amount of the money was used to support living expenses and logistics of Jemaah Islamiyyah’s activity (Matt Cianflone, 2007). According to Hambali, Al-Qaeda had sent Hambali a huge amount of money amounted $30,000 US dollars in order to fund the bombing of the two clubs in Bali that left 202 people deceased (AFP, 2003).
Some of the members of Jemaah islamiyyah who played an important role in the bombing attacks have been sentenced by Indonesia authorities. Mukhlas, Amrozi and Imam Samudera were sentenced to death in 2008. A Malaysian, Azahari Husin, who was a bomb maker expert and had produced bombs for the attacks was killed in Indonesia in 2005. Dulmatin on the other hand, was killed in 2010 during a police raid in Jakarta (BBC, 2012)
The establishment of Madrasah was not to teach peaceful Islam learnings but to implement syllabus such as revenge, hatred and many more in order to influence the students in certain ideology. Some of the alumni of the Madrasah were the members of Jemaah Islamiyyah whom were involved in the 2002 Bali Bombing attacks. The Madrasah called Luqmanul Hakiem was the base for terrorism. The founder, students and staff have been linked to having ties of fatal attacks in Indonesia and Philippines. Three of the alumni have been mentioned by Malaysian and Indonesia police as the key members in planning as well as executing the Bali Bombing attacks. Those three alumni were Amrozi, Imam Samudra and Idris. According to Malaysian officials, the school was established for more than a decade by Abu Bakar and Riduan Isamuddin or also known as Hambali. Former students went to Afghanistan and Pakistan for trainings in military context. Several visits have been made to Afghanistan by Imam Samudra who had claimed to come to Malaysia in 1990 and studied in Luqmanul Hakiem. Imam Samudra later became a teacher in Luqmanul Hakiem (The Age, 2002) .
3.0 REVIEW
3.1 CHALLENGES
Challenges Faced By The Government of Indonesia
3.1.1 Poor Security By The Indonesia Government
Due to the attack of Bali bombings in 2002 have caused anger of Indonesian civilian towards the government. The chief general of Indonesian Military, Endriartono Sutarto claimed that if the government wants to fight the terrorist, the government must first implement a law that provides a system that can make the Indonesian military to move in a faster speed. Sutarto raised a high concern on the fact that only police was authorized by the law officially to deal with matters pertaining to internal issues of security and to track terrorists group in the country of Indonesia (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
The most challenging issue is distinct the labor division between military and police. It was more difficult as the National Police of Indonesia have been distinct from the military ever since the year 1999 through the reform of democratic. The responsibility of internal security has been given to the police but there are grey areas that is still unclear. For example, issues related to terrorism, whereby, the roles or the authority in charged are defined poorly. In addition, for areas that are taken responsibility by the police such as the laws, the capacity of the police officers are still weak. This means that the forces of police needs to be extra and the performances of the police needs to be improved first. The question here arises on how to erase the blurry lines between the police and military in internal security role division (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
3.1.2 Insufficient Resources In Medical Context
The authority in charged in handling emergency cases were not able to entertain everyone that was affected by the terrorist bombings. In fact, the Indonesian local helped in assisting the people with injuries to the local hospitals by using cycles, cars and even taxis. At first, the main target hospital to send the patients was the hospital of Graha Asih. However, the hospital has been out of hands to cope with a huge number of injuries caused by the bomb attacks. It was reported by the government of Australia that it was estimated a total of 110 tourists from Australia had left Bali and went to Sydney and other cities as well in order to obtain a comprehensive medical treatment (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
Another hospital which was known as the main hospital of Bali called the hospital of Sanglah was over flooded with patients due to the bombing tragedy. A lot of patients were lying in the wards and even on the walkways as well. Here, logistic problems occurred such as the beds were not usable due to no wheels (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
3.1.3 Action Taken By Indonesia Is Not Adequate As Compared To Counterterrorism States.
Although there have been a number of major arrests executed against the terrorists, the leadership of the country has not taken a proactive measure against Jemaah Islamiyyah. This terrorist group called Jemaah Islamiyyah has been in the terrorist list of United Nations. However, Indonesia has not declined this group of terrorists. The government is also not taking any actions against the boarding schools which the terrorists from Jemaah Islamiyyah graduated from. All the other states such as Australia and United States have labelled Jemaah Islamiyyah as a terrorist group. However, the officials of Indonesia have not ban Jemaah Islamiyyah and this shows that Indonesia do not think Jemaah Islamiyyah as a serious threat (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
There has been an obstacle towards Indonesia political system and its local civilian. It has not encountered to the local civilian of Indonesia that the Islamist terrorist poses a serious threat to the country. Meanwhile, the United Nations have labelled Jemaah Islamiyyah as a terrorist group. Indonesia is a country that has endured corruption that are severe. Thus, the population does not think or is slow in accepting Islamist terrorist as a serious concern. However, the locals of Indonesia views United States, whereby, a westen state as a serious threat. This is proven by a survey conducted in 2005, whereby, 80% of the respondent consisting Indonesian feared on a possible attack from United States towards Indonesia. This is very distinct between United States efforts in combating terrorism activities and the people of Indonesia (Matt Cianflone, 2007).
3.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF 2002 BALI BOMBINGS BY JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH AND AL-QAEDA
Terrorism in Southeast Asia as a whole, and in Indonesia specifically, is part of a global jihad related to Al-Qaida and Jamaah Islamiah. Apart from transnational terrorism, the rise of terrorism in Indonesia could be linked to the spread of radical Islam, which began as a result of authoritarianism during the New Order period and then as a result of the disordered democratic transformation. This can be seen in the call for the enforcement of Islamic sharia law, as well as Islamists, extremists, and terrorists' views that Islam is under siege and that the war on terrorism is anti-Muslim. (Sunesti, 2015).
Bali was chosen "because it was frequented by Americans and their associates", Ali Imron said. He quoted Imam Samudra as saying it was part of a jihad, or holy war, to "defend the people of Afghanistan from America". (BBC News, 2012)
Samudra said that the bombing in Bali in 2002 was jihad against the United States and its allies in retaliation for their atrocities in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other Islamic countries. He claimed that they were willing to face the death penalty in exchange for an everlasting life as martyrs as a compensation for this jihad. Several articles have been published claiming that what Samudra did and advocated for was incompatible with humanitarian ideals. Imam Samudra's justification of the Bali bombing in his book, according to Hasan, Baabduh, Abas, and Hassan, is unreasonable, completely wrong, deviant, and a threat to Islam. They have asked whether what Samudra refers to as jihad is incompatible with the Quran's rejection of violence. (Sunesti, 2015)
3.3 FACTORS ON WHY THE 2002 BALI BOMBINGS HAPPEN
Bali was choosen as a target place because, was believed, Riduan Isamuddin that known as Hambali, have ordered to hit soft targets such as nightclubs and bars since it was oftenly visit by Americans and their associates. According to Ali Imran who take part in the attacks said, it was a part of jihad to defend people of Afghanistan from America. This strategy is considered as new strategy of hitting as it is different from the uses of usual strategy that is targeting high-profile sites like foreign embassies. So Bali was chosen as the place to strike.
Apart from that, The 2002 Bali Bombings were said related to the released of Abu Bakar Bashir who is regarded as Jemaah Islamiah’s spiritual leader. He is a jihadist network that has ties to Al-Qaeda. Bashir, was said that he is linked to the 2002 Bali Bombings and a 2003 attack on J.W. Marriot hotel in Jakarta, but, however, he was not involve directly and denies any ties. Even though he denies, the government of Indonesia was being pressed by Australia Government to keep supervise him as he still have the power to incite more violence to happen and since he is an ideologue so he has his own followers and people under him will likely to do as told. Therefore, even though he has been released from prison, his movement still under supervision as he is someone who have been linked with militants networks and attacks.
Aside from that, Bali attacks may be related to Al-Qaeda as the attacks involve large explosions and it happens in a place free of violence. The incidents that has been repeated happened at place such as bars and massage parlour in Jakarta, was seen as centre of vices which must be eliminated and group which related to these activities and have heaviest reputation is called Islamic Defenders Front. Some may operating the attacks under disguise, in the name of Islam, however were actually mainly for criminal reasons that to extort money from others.
3.4 THE IMPACT OF 2002 BALI BOMBINGS TOWARDS AUSTRALIAN
After 17 hours after the attacks, Australian Defence Force (the first RAAF plane) arrived, all the injured Australians were evacuate and those people were flown to Darwin for treatment and followed by secondary transfer to medical centres around the country. The measurement action taken by Australian Government was sending the Australian Federal Police (AFP) to Bali as to assist Indonesia National Police (INP) to do investigation such as Forensic investigators, disaster victim identification staff, intelligence officers and so on.
Most of the victims were interviewed about their experiences as they returned to their country. The AFP also provided extensive investigation support especially in identify and returning victims to their family which led to the capture of perpetrators. Even though, the effects of bombings were huge, most of the injured people stayed to assist others and locals along with foreigners went to the site to offer help. After the following months, nearly 200 Australians received formal recognition for their bravery as for their assistance during the incidents.
As the result, INP continuously work in team with AFP in combating terrorism in many capacities which shows that Australia keep maintaining its relationship with Indonesia. Nowadays, we can still see that in Bali, Indonesia, it remains as a popular holiday destination for tourist including Australians.
3.5 RECOMMENDATION
3.5.1 ENHANCE THE SECURITY SERVICES.
As the issue bombings happened at Bali 2002 have showed that security system must be more alert and updated from time to time. the efficiency of a good security system is able to provide peace to the population. It also able to control external threats made by irresponsible parties. The bombings in Bali have seen hundreds of people killed due to the weakness of the security system which cannot detect as well as break the bombs carried to threaten and kill innocent people. Therefore, the government or body in charge of a region or area, must ensure that no threat can occur. This was a serious misjudgement and meant that the Security Service did not assess the threat correctly and, therefore, raise the level of threat to high.
3.5.2 INFLICT HEAVY PUNISHMENT ON ALL PERPETRATORS INVOLVED AS A LESSON.
Severe punishment should be imposed on perpetrators who have made dangerous threats and could undermine the dignity of a country's security. As in the case of the 2002 Bali bombings, several Indonesians have been sentenced to death for their role in the bombings, but some of the members responsible have yet to be brought to justice. Those involved have links to an Islamic militant movement called Jemaah Islamiyah which is active around the Southeast Asian archipelago, including the Philippines and Southern Thailand. Three of them have already been sentenced to death and several other fighters have either been arrested or shot dead by Indonesian police. Based on the punishment that has taken place, it has not really made many people aware, especially the criminals. this is because, there are still a number of perpetrators involved in the incident who are still safe and not found. Furthermore, this could give strength to other enemies to dare to threaten the security of the territory. Therefore, the terrorists involved in the incident must be identified and severely punished in order to make the public aware of the punishment that awaits if it threatens the peace of an area.
4.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the 2002 Bali Bombings, there was a strong evidence suggesting that the Bali bombings were perpetrated by a well-organised group from outside the province, possibly with Al-Qaeda or other international connections. The bomb tragedy at Sari Club and Peddy’s Club Kuta Legian Bali on 12th October 2002, was a terror that deserves to be classified as the biggest crime in the Indonesia from a series of existing terror. The tragedy was a living proof that terror was a very heinous act that did not take into account and caring, as well as grossly disregarding the values of humanity. Humans who do not know the intent, mission or purpose of the terrorist has become an innocent victim. In my point of view, we must have good intentions towards the other country. By applying to the issues of 2002 Bali Bombings, as all people know that, Australia is known as a good and peace country in the world. But, there is a dark secret about this country where in reality Australia has exploited East Timor economy for the sake of oil and gas after its separation from Indonesia. These were the reasons of Bali bombing occurred by the terrorist group which was Jemaah Islamiyah. To conclude the paragraph, Jemaah Islamiyah was not satisfied with Australia’s involvement in the separation of East Timor from Indonesia and the campaign of War on Terror that led to the outbreak of the Bali Bombings. The solution to curb terrorist issues, the country have to upgrade defence systems by improving the capabilities of the military, enhance borders controls and others. It is to ensure the country is in a state of peace, that free from terrorists and war. [Terorisme, 2003] [Sherlock, 2002] [Levine, Meek, Thomas, Ferran, 2021] [Parliament, 2018 ]
5.0 REFERENCES
AFP. (2003, October 6). 'Al-Qaeda financed Bali' claims Hambali report. Retrieved from The Sydney Morning Herald: https://www.smh.com.au/national/al-qaeda-financed-bali-claims-hambali-report-20031006-gdhjab.html
GMT. (2010, March 10). The Bali Bombing Plot. Retrieved from One-Minute World News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3157478.stm
Matt Cianflone, J. C. (2007). Anatomy Of a Terrorst Attack : An in-Depth Investigation into the 2002 . Pittsburgh: Matthew B. Ridgway Center . https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/50173/07_Bali.pdf
Person. (2002, November 22). Revealed: school that bred the Bali bombers. The Age. https://www.theage.com.au/national/revealed-school-that-bred-the-bali-bombers-20021122-gduth0.html.
Petel Lloyd. (2003, August 15). Reports Hambali was arrested in Thailand. The World Today . https://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2003/s925409.htm.
N. d., (2012). The 12 October 2002 Bali bombing plot. BBC News. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19881138
Sunesti, Yuyun. (2015). The 2002 Bali Bombing and the New Public Sphere: The Portrayal of Terrorism in Indonesian Online Discussion Forums. Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies. 52. 231. 10.14421/ajis.2014.521.231-255. Retrieved May 4, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276113397_The_2002_Bali_Bombing_and_the_New_Public_Sphere_The_Portrayal_of_Terrorism_in_Indonesian_Online_Discussion_Forums
(www.dw.com), D. W. (2021, January 8). Bali bombings: Is the suspected mastermind still a threat?: DW: 08.01.2021. DW.COM. https://www.dw.com/en/bali-bombings-is-the-suspected-mastermind-still-a-threat/a-56172008.
corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, C. (2013, February 18). The Bali Bombings: Looking for Explanations. Home – Parliament of Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/bali.
corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent, A. P. (2021, March 18). Bali bombings. National Museum of Australia. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/bali-bombings.
APPENDICES
FIGURE 1 : AFTER EFFECT OF BALI BOMBING
FIGURE 2 : PICTURE OF HAMBALI
FIGURE 3 : PICTURE OF ALI IMRON
FIGURE 4 : PICTURE OF THE TERRORISTS
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